HIV vaccine nears clinical trial following new findings

A promising vaccine that clears an HIV-like virus from monkeys is closer to human testing after a new, weakened version of the vaccine has been shown to provide similar protection as its original version. A pair of papers published July 17 in Science Translational Medicine describe how the vaccine - which uses a form of the common herpes virus cytomegalovirus, or CMV - was live-attenuated, or weakened so CMV couldn't spread as easily. The new version still managed to eliminate SIV, the monkey version of HIV, in 59 percent of vaccinated rhesus macaques. That result is similar to earlier findings involving the vaccine's original, non-attenuated version. The immunity generated by the attenuated vaccine was also long-lasting, as nine of 12 vaccinated monkeys could still fight off SIV infection three years later.

Having an attenuated version of the vaccine is key to being potentially able to use it in humans. No vaccines use non-attenuated live viruses due to safety concerns. Though humans are often infected with CMV without any trouble, the virus can wreak havoc on those with weakened immune systems such as people with organ transplants. It's also dangerous for pregnant women, as it can cause congenital defects such as hearing loss and microcephaly in babies.

"This research, using rhesus CMV, provides potentially important insights into the design of a human CMV-based HIV vaccine," said Klaus Früh, Ph.D., a corresponding author on one of the papers. "We significantly attenuated CMV and still got the same type of immune responses as with the wild version of this vaccine."

"These papers are important because they recapitulate the previously reported unique CMV vector efficacy with a genetically modified vector that is highly attenuated and therefore potentially safer for clinical use," said Louis Picker, M.D., a corresponding author on both papers. "In addition, this new work demonstrates most vaccinated rhesus macaques that are protected against SIV can also be protected against a second challenge years after initial vaccination. This is a level of durability that would be very important for a human HIV vaccine".

Picker and Früh are professors at OHSU's Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute and affiliated faculty in the OHSU School of Medicine's department for molecular microbiology and immunology.

The CMV vaccine platform has been licensed by Vir Biotechnology, Inc., of San Francisco, which plans to lead a clinical trial with a human version of the CMV-based HIV vaccine. The same platform is also expected to be used for vaccines being developed to fight tuberculosis.

Emily E Marshall, Daniel Malouli, Scott G Hansen, Roxanne M Gilbride, Colette M Hughes, Abigail B Ventura, Emily Ainslie, Andrea N Selseth, Julia C Ford, David Burke, Caraig N Kreklywich, Jennie Womack, Alfred W Legasse, Michael K Axthelm, Chrisoph Kahl, Daniel Streblow, Paul T Edlefsen, Louis J Picker, Klaus Früh.
Enhancing safety of cytomegalovirus-based vaccine vectors by engaging host intrinsic immunity.
Science Translational Medicine, July 17, 2019. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw2603.

Scott G Hansen, Emily E. Marshall, Daniel Malouli, Abigail B Ventura, Colette M Hughes, Emily Ainslie, Julia C Ford, David Morrow, Roxanne M Gilbride, Jin Y Bae, Alfred W Legasse, Kelli Oswald, Rebecca Shoemaker, Brian Berkemeier, William J Bosche, Michael Hull, Jennie Womack, Jason Shao, Paul T Edlefsen, Jason S Reed, Ben J Burwitz, Jonah B Sacha, Michael K Axthelm, Klaus Früh, Jeffery D Lifson, Louis J Picker.
A live-attenuated RhCMV/SIV vaccine shows long-term efficacy against heterologous SIV challenge.
Science Translational Medicine, July 17, 2019. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw2607.