Tagging proteins
Proteins are molecules expressed by our cells to carry out all types of biological functions. To keep control of the expressed proteins, cells can attach a chemical 'tag' onto a protein to modify its activity. One of the most well-known protein modifications is a small protein, called ubiquitin. First discovered as a label to tag a protein for degradation, ubiquitin is now known to have various functions.The labs of Francis Impens at the VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology and Lilliana Radoshevich (University of Iowa, USA) investigated an ubiquitin-like modification called ISG15. Like ubiquitin, ISG15 can be attached to target proteins. However, the molecular function of ISG15 is elusive, since the identity of the modified proteins and their exact sites of modification are still unknown.
Prof. Impens (VIB-UGent): "ISG15 and ubiquitin share the same amino acid sequence at their end, exactly where these modifiers are attached to target proteins. As a result, the peptides derived from the proteins modified by ISG15 display the same tag as peptides derived from proteins modified by ubiquitin. So, we took advantage of the technology developed to identify ubiquitin modification sites for the identification of ISG15 modification sites."
Finding ISG15
Unlike ubiquitin, ISG15 is absent under normal conditions. ISG15 is only expressed upon stresses such as a viral or bacterial infection. Thus, they had to complement their approach with an infection model. Prof. Radoshevich infected mice with Listeria and the livers of these animals were analyzed for ISG15 by Prof. Impens with the tools developed to study ubiquitin modification sites.Fabien Thery, from the Impens lab and co-first author of the study, explains: "As infection model we chose the bug Listeria monocytogenes. Leading to the 'old French cheese disease', Listeria is a food-born bacterial pathogen hiding from the immune system inside host cells."
Yifeng Zhang, co-first author from the Radoshevich lab, elaborates: "The liver is a very interesting organ: it is a central player in the metabolism, but it also acts as a blood filter to sense and remove any potential threats such as viruses and bacteria."
Together, both labs report for the first time the discovery of nearly thousand ISG15 sites on more than four hundred protein targets during bacterial infection.
Prof. Radoshevich: "We found that ISG15 targets numerous enzymes involved in metabolic processes, but also that it targets key regulators of autophagy, a process in response to a lack of nutrients inside a cell. It leads to the destruction of cellular components to generate new sources of energy and promote cell survival. Alternatively, autophagy can be used as an antibacterial strategy. Our finding that ISG15 modulates this process is most exciting."
This work revealed a new link between ISG15, cellular metabolism, and autophagy. The authors have already started to use their approach to investigate ISG15 targets during infection with other pathogens such as Influenza virus or Coxsackie virus. Together, these studies may reveal antimicrobial pathways of our immune system that can be exploited to design new drugs.
Yifeng Zhang, Fabien Thery, Nicholas C Wu, Emma K Luhmann, Olivier Dussurget, Mariko Foecke, Clara Bredow, Daniel Jiménez-Fernández, Kevin Leandro, Antje Beling, Klaus-Peter Knobeloch, Francis Impens, Pascale Cossart, Lilliana Radoshevich.
The in vivo ISGylome links ISG15 to metabolic pathways and autophagy upon Listeria monocytogenes infection.
Nat Commun 10, 5383 (2019). doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-13393-x.